<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[varsha rani's blog]]></title><description><![CDATA[varsha rani's blog]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev</link><generator>RSS for Node</generator><lastBuildDate>Thu, 18 Jun 2026 17:34:55 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/rss.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><ttl>60</ttl><item><title><![CDATA[What is Kali Linux?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kali Linux is one of the most advanced hacking OS systems from Linux family. Kali Linux is filled with many hacking tools and supporting learners and hackers worldwide. There are many versions of Kali Linux which provides a good user interface and de...]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-kali-linux</link><guid isPermaLink="true">https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-kali-linux</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[varsha rani]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 06:24:05 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Kali Linux is one of the most advanced hacking OS systems from Linux family. Kali Linux is filled with many hacking tools and supporting learners and hackers worldwide. There are many versions of Kali Linux which provides a good user interface and desired environment. The Lazy Script is designed to help many users to save time and work. The script can install many hacking tools easily with just a few inputs, saving a lot of time of the users. The user is helped in the way all the manual tasks are avoided.</p>
<h4 id="heading-how-to-install-the-lazy-script">How to install The Lazy Script?</h4>
<p>To Install the Lazy Script you will first need Kali Linux system which you can <a target="_blank" href="https://www.kali.org/downloads/"><strong>download</strong></a> from its official website. <strong>Step 1:</strong> Copy the github repository from the following <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/arismelachroinos/lscript"><strong>Link</strong></a>. Before doing everything note that it is all about Linux and not windows so please make sure you are doing everything in Kali Linux itself.</p>
<p><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20190522230456/Screenshot_12.png" alt /></p>
<p><strong>Step 2:</strong> Open the terminal and type the following commands:</p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-plaintext">cd Desktop
git clone https://github.com/arismelachroinos/lscript.git
</code></pre>
<p>We used cd Desktop for simplicity and to find the folder easily. After cloning the script change your directory to lscript by using the following command</p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-plaintext">cd lscript
</code></pre>
<p><strong>Step 3:</strong> After that check for the installer <strong>.sh</strong> file and follow the command:</p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-plaintext">./install.sh
</code></pre>
<p>If the terminal shows permission denied, then it is because the file is not given executable permission. To give it permission type the following command</p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-plaintext">chmod +x install.sh
</code></pre>
<p>Again type the command <em>./</em><a target="_blank" href="http://install.sh/"><strong><em>install.sh</em></strong></a> and this time you have prior permissions to do that.</p>
<p><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20190601233103/ss12.png" alt /></p>
<p><strong>Step 4:</strong> After running the script you will be asked to accept terms and conditions, type YES to accept. Then you will be asked to enter network interfaces that the system use. For the first line type <strong>eth0mon</strong> and for second line type <strong>eth0</strong>.</p>
<p><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20190601233735/ss3.png" alt /></p>
<p>The Script looks like this after installing.</p>
<p><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20190601233809/ss4.png" alt /></p>
<p>Use the script and enjoy many tools with one choice, no wasting of time in searching and installing, make your life easier. <strong>A sample working:</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20190601234522/ss9.png" alt /></p>
<h3 id="heading-some-tools">Some Tools</h3>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709818551366/a23c31bc-93d0-4316-9e21-d99e1cdf377e.jpeg?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[What Is a Computer Virus and How Does It Work?]]></title><description><![CDATA[There are many different types of computer viruses and all of them can be devastating. As they spread, they can steal personal information, cripple computer performance, and wreak all kinds of havoc. Discover what a computer virus is and how it works...]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-a-computer-virus-and-how-does-it-work</link><guid isPermaLink="true">https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-a-computer-virus-and-how-does-it-work</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[varsha rani]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 06:23:09 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There are many different types of computer viruses and all of them can be devastating. As they spread, they can steal personal information, cripple computer performance, and wreak all kinds of havoc. Discover what a computer virus is and how it works. Then learn how to protect yourself against viruses and other dangerous online threats with a comprehensive security solution like Avast One</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709710179084/699bf66d-201f-418f-a5e8-9ba78d93b6f3.jpeg?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<h2 id="heading-what-is-a-computer-virus"><strong>What is a computer virus?</strong></h2>
<p>A computer virus is a type of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-malware"><strong>malware</strong></a> that attaches itself to other programs, self-replicates, and spreads from one computer to another. When a virus infects a computer, it makes copies of itself and attaches to other files or documents. It then modifies those files and continues to spread.</p>
<p>Viruses infect computers discreetly, and they’re often designed to destroy personal files or gain control of devices. Making copies of themselves, computer viruses spread across devices and networks like biological viruses passing from one person to the next. And just like the biological versions, some computer viruses are simply annoying while others can cause major damage.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong><em>A computer virus is a type of malicious software that attaches itself to other programs, self-replicates, and spreads to other computers.</em></strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>So, what’s the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-malware-vs-virus"><strong>difference between a virus and malware</strong></a> (malicious software)? <em>Virus</em> is often a catch-all term used to refer to any kind of software created to be harmful. But a virus is just one type of malware, and the definition of a virus is that it’s a computer program that can self-replicate, infect other programs, and spread to other computers.</p>
<h2 id="heading-how-do-computer-viruses-work"><strong>How do computer viruses work?</strong></h2>
<p>Computer virus is an umbrella term that includes many different types of viruses, delivery mechanisms, and impacts. To understand how computer viruses work, it’s helpful to split them into two categories: those that begin to infect and replicate as soon as they land on your computer, and those that lie dormant, waiting for you to unwittingly execute the code.</p>
<p><img src="https://academy.avast.com/hs-fs/hubfs/what_is_a_computer_virus_academy_refresh/Academy-Computer-Virus.png?width=1320&amp;name=Academy-Computer-Virus.png" alt="The computer virus definition includes its 4 phases: dormant, propagation, triggering, and execution." /></p>
<p>A <em>computer virus can begin infecting your computer immediately, or it can wait for you to unwittingly trigger it.</em></p>
<p>Computer viruses have four phases (inspired by biologists’ classification of a real-life virus’s life cycle).</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Dormant phase:</strong> This is when the virus is hidden on your system, lying in wait.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Propagation phase:</strong> This is the <em>viral</em> stage, when the virus begins to self-replicate, stashing copies of itself in files, programs, or other parts of your disk. The clones may be slightly altered in an attempt to avoid detection, and these copies will also self-replicate, creating more clones that continue to copy and spread.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Triggering phase:</strong> A specific action is generally required to trigger or activate the virus. This could be a user action, like clicking an icon or opening an app. Other viruses are programmed to come to life after a certain amount of time, such as a <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-what-is-a-logic-bomb"><strong>logic bomb</strong></a> designed to trigger after your computer has rebooted a certain number of times (this is done to obfuscate the origin of the virus).</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Execution phase:</strong> Now the virus’s program is executed and releases its <strong>payload</strong>, the malicious code that harms your device.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="heading-how-do-computer-viruses-spread"><strong>How do computer viruses spread?</strong></h3>
<p>Typically, computer viruses spread through malicious online downloads, infected email attachments, or by plugging in infected hardware like an external flash drive (USB stick). Computer viruses can spread through almost any method of file sharing, as long as the virus can avoid detection by <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-best-free-antivirus-software"><strong>antivirus programs</strong></a>.</p>
<p>Here are some common ways computer viruses spread and can end up on your computer:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Emails:</strong> A common attack method of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-cybercrime"><strong>cybercriminals</strong></a>, emails like those used in <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-phishing"><strong>phishing attacks</strong></a> can carry harmful attachments, malicious links, or even an infection right in the email body’s HTML.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Downloads:</strong> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-hacker"><strong>Hackers</strong></a> can hide viruses in apps, documents sent over file-sharing services, plug-ins, and most other places where files are available to download.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Messaging services:</strong> Viruses can be spread through SMS messages or messaging services like Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, and Instagram. There, as with email, they also take the form of malicious links, attachments, or executable files.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Old software:</strong> If you don’t update your apps or operating system, you may be exposing yourself to vulnerabilities that cybercrooks can <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-exploits"><strong>exploit</strong></a> to spread computer viruses.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Malvertising:</strong> Viruses can be hidden in online advertisements, such as banner ads delivered through ad exchanges. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-what-is-malvertising-how-to-stop-it"><strong>Malvertising</strong></a> lets perpetrators hide malicious code even in legitimate, trusted websites like <a target="_blank" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/16/major-sites-new-york-times-bbc-ransomware-malvertising"><strong>the New York Times and the BBC</strong></a>, both of which have been hit.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Good computer hygiene and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-malware-removal-tool"><strong>anti-malware tools</strong></a> can guard you against all of these attack vectors. So it’s important to keep your software updated, use <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-strong-password-ideas"><strong>strong passwords</strong></a>, and shield your device with strong cybersecurity software.</p>
<h3 id="heading-what-computer-viruses-do"><strong>What computer viruses do</strong></h3>
<p>Computer viruses hijack your system’s code and resources in order to replicate, causing performance issues on all device types. When executed, a computer virus releases its payload and begins its attack. Almost immediately, you’ll start to see the impact of what computer viruses can do.</p>
<p>What can viruses do to your computer? Here are some of the effects they can unleash:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Slow or stuttering performance</p>
</li>
<li><p>Corrupted or deleted files</p>
</li>
<li><p>Incessant pop-ups or <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-adware"><strong>adware</strong></a></p>
</li>
<li><p>Program failure and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-computer-keeps-crashing"><strong>operating system crashes</strong></a></p>
</li>
<li><p>A constantly spinning hard drive</p>
</li>
<li><p>Malfunctioning apps, files, and other programs</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Aside from causing these negative performance issues, computer viruses can also steal personal data — such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Some viruses can <a target="_blank" href="https://www.avast.com/c-spam"><strong>spam</strong></a> all of your contacts and try to trick them into downloading the virus as well, which is another way they spread.</p>
]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[What is SpyHuman?]]></title><description><![CDATA[SpyHuman is a powerful and reliable monitoring solution. Our application provides you seamless monitoring facility for your target device. The features have gone through rigorous testing to ensure the optimal working, in order to cater to the needs o...]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-spyhuman</link><guid isPermaLink="true">https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-spyhuman</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[varsha rani]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 06:22:01 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>SpyHuman is a powerful and reliable monitoring solution. Our application provides you seamless monitoring facility for your target device. The features have gone through rigorous testing to ensure the optimal working, in order to cater to the needs of our clients. The range of features offered guarantees a complete and efficient monitoring experience. The big advantage that we offer our clients is free of cost service for numerous of our features. That’s right! You can use a range of our features, totally free!</p>
<h2 id="heading-call-logs"><strong>Call Logs</strong></h2>
<p>Monitor the call logs of your target device to stay up-to-date with their calling activities.</p>
<p>To find out what you can get with this feature, please click here <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/track-call-history.html"><strong>Call Tracker</strong></a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/call-recording.html"><strong>Call Recording</strong></a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/Call-restriction.html"><strong>Calls Restriction</strong></a></p>
<p><img src="https://spyhuman.com/img/images/call-logs.png" alt="Call Logs Monitoring | Call Tracking" /></p>
<p><img src="https://spyhuman.com/img/images/text-tracker.png" alt="SMS Tracker | Text Message Spy" /></p>
<h2 id="heading-text-message-tracker"><strong>Text Message Tracker</strong></h2>
<p>Monitor the SMS logs of your target device with the SpyHuman app. This feature is a major requirement for most customers.</p>
<p>To find out what you can get with this feature, please click here. <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/sms-tracker.html"><strong>SMS Tracker</strong></a></p>
<h2 id="heading-location-tracker"><strong>Location Tracker</strong></h2>
<p>Check the location of your target device to monitor the whereabouts of your target. and The GPS Tracking feature allows you remotely monitor the routes travelled by your target and more</p>
<p>To find out what you can get with this feature, please click here. <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/gps-tracker.html"><strong>Current GPS Location</strong></a></p>
<p><img src="https://spyhuman.com/img/images/location-tracker.png" alt="GPS Tracker | Android Location Tracking" /></p>
<p><img src="https://spyhuman.com/img/images/contact-book.png" alt="Contact Book Monitoring" /></p>
<h2 id="heading-contact-book"><strong>Contact Book</strong></h2>
<p>Keeping a check on the contacts of the target device is imperative. Do it smartly with SpyHuman’s free monitoring application.</p>
<p>To find out what you can get with this feature, please click here. <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/contact-tracker.html"><strong>Contact Book</strong></a></p>
<h2 id="heading-social-media"><strong>Social Media</strong></h2>
<p>Do you want to track the Facebook chats of your Kids? Probably, looking to track Whatsapp chat logs? We bring you the all-in-one solution!</p>
<p>Click to read more about the Facebook and Whatsapp features. <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/whatsapp-tracking.html"><strong>Whatsapp Monitoring</strong></a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/facebook-tracking.html"><strong>Facebook Monitoring</strong></a></p>
<p><img src="https://spyhuman.com/img/images/social-media.png" alt="Social Media Message Tracking | Spy On Whatsapp &amp; Facebook" /></p>
<p><img src="https://spyhuman.com/img/images/web-monitoring.png" alt="Android Browsing History &amp; Website Blocking" /></p>
<h2 id="heading-web-monitoring"><strong>Web Monitoring</strong></h2>
<p>Your Kids may be involved in surfing harmful content online. Get some peace of mind, get SpyHuman!</p>
<p>To find out what you can get with this feature, please click here. <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/browsing-app-history.html"><strong>Browsing History</strong></a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/Website-blocker.html"><strong>Website Blocker</strong></a></p>
<h2 id="heading-live-monitoring"><strong>Live Monitoring</strong></h2>
<p>Record the surroundings of your Kids now, with SpyHuman application. This feature is operated remotely for your convenience.</p>
<p>To find out what you can get with this feature, please click here. <a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/pages/live-recorder.html"><strong>Live Recording</strong></a></p>
<p>![Live Recording | SpyHuman</p>
<p>](<a target="_blank" href="https://spyhuman.com/img/images/live-monitoring.png"><strong>spyhuman.com/img/images/live-monitoring.png</strong></a> align="left")</p>
<p><img src="https://spyhuman.com/img/images/file-explorer.png" alt="file-explorer" /></p>
]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[What is Phishing?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Phishing is one type of cyber attack. Phishing got its name from “phish” meaning fish. It’s a common phenomenon to put bait for the fish to get trapped. Similarly, phishing works. It is an unethical way to dupe the user or victim to click on harmful ...]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-phishing</link><guid isPermaLink="true">https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-phishing</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[varsha rani]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 06:20:46 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Phishing is one type of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cyber-attack-life-cycle/"><strong>cyber attack</strong></a>. Phishing got its name from “<strong>phish</strong>” meaning fish. It’s a common phenomenon to put bait for the fish to get trapped. Similarly, phishing works. It is an unethical way to dupe the user or victim to click on harmful sites. The attacker crafts the harmful site in such a way that the victim feels it to be an authentic site, thus falling prey to it. The most common mode of phishing is by sending spam emails that appear to be authentic and thus, taking away all credentials from the victim. The main motive of the attacker behind phishing is to gain confidential information like</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Password</p>
</li>
<li><p>Credit card details</p>
</li>
<li><p>Social security numbers</p>
</li>
<li><p>Date of birth</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The attacker uses this information to further target the user and impersonate the user and cause data theft. The most common type of phishing attack happens through email. Phishing victims are tricked into revealing information that they think should be kept private. The original logo of the email is used to make the user believe that it is indeed the original email. But if we carefully look into the details, we will find that the URL or web address is not authentic. Let’s understand this concept with the help of an example:</p>
<p><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230622120235/ezgifcom-gif-maker-(9)-768.webp" alt="Phishing" /></p>
<p><em>Phishing</em></p>
<p>In this example, most people believe it’s YouTube just by looking at the red icon. So, thinking of YouTube as a secure platform, the users click on the extension without being suspicious about it. But if we look carefully, we can see the URL is <a target="_blank" href="http://supertube.com/"><strong>supertube.com</strong></a> and not <a target="_blank" href="http://youtube.com/"><strong>youtube.com</strong></a>. Secondly, YouTube never asks to add extensions for watching any video. The third thing is the extension name itself is weird enough to raise doubt about its credibility.</p>
<h2 id="heading-how-does-phishing-occur">How Does Phishing Occur?</h2>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709624927042/78bba929-234c-4f75-936a-3aec17a297e2.jpeg?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>Below mentioned are the ways through which Phishing generally occurs. Upon using any of the techniques mentioned below, the user can lead to Phishing Attacks.</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Clicking on an unknown file or attachment:</strong> Here, the attacker deliberately sends a mysterious file to the victim, as the victim opens the file, either <a target="_blank" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/malware-and-its-types/"><strong>malware</strong></a> is injected into his system or it prompts the user to enter confidential data.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Using an open or free wifi hotspot:</strong> This is a very simple way to get confidential information from the user by luring him by giving him free <strong>wifi</strong>. The wifi owner can control the user’s data without the user knowing it.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Responding to social media requests:</strong> This commonly includes social engineering. Accepting unknown friend requests and then, by mistake, leaking secret data are the most common mistake made by naive users.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Clicking on unauthenticated links or ads:</strong> Unauthenticated links have been deliberately crafted that lead to a phished website that tricks the user into typing confidential data.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="heading-types-of-phishing-attacks">Types of Phishing Attacks</h2>
<p>There are several types of Phishing Attacks, some of them are mentioned below. Below mentioned attacks are very common and mostly used by the attackers.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>👉<strong>Email Phishing:</strong> The most common type where users are tricked into clicking unverified spam emails and leaking secret data. Hackers impersonate a legitimate identity and send emails to mass victims. Generally, the goal of the attacker is to get personal details like bank details, credit card numbers, user IDs, and passwords of any online shopping website, installing malware, etc. After getting the personal information, they use this information to steal money from the user’s account or harm the target system, etc.</p>
</li>
<li><p>👉<strong>Spear Phishing:</strong> In <a target="_blank" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/spear-phishing-attack/"><strong>spear phishing</strong></a> of phishing attack, a particular user(organization or individual) is targeted. In this method, the attacker first gets the full information of the target and then sends malicious emails to his/her inbox to trap him into typing confidential data. For example, the attacker targets someone(let’s assume an employee from the finance department of some organization). Then the attacker pretends to be like the manager of that employee and then requests personal information or transfers a large sum of money. It is the most successful attack.</p>
</li>
<li><p>👉<strong>Whaling:</strong> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-spear-phishing-and-whaling/"><strong>Whaling</strong></a> is just like spear-phishing but the main target is the head of the company, like the CEO, CFO, etc. a pressurized email is sent to such executives so that they don’t have much time to think, therefore falling prey to phishing.</p>
</li>
<li><p>👉<strong>Smishing:</strong> In this type of phishing attack, the medium of phishing attack is SMS. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-vishing-and-smishing-attacks/"><strong>Smishing</strong></a> works similarly to email phishing. SMS texts are sent to victims containing links to phished websites or invite the victims to call a phone number or to contact the sender using the given email. The victim is then invited to enter their personal information like bank details, credit card information, user id/ password, etc. Then using this information the attacker harms the victim.</p>
</li>
<li><p>👉<strong>Vishing:</strong> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/vishing-voice-phishing/"><strong>Vishing</strong></a> is also known as voice phishing. In this method, the attacker calls the victim using modern caller id spoofing to convince the victim that the call is from a trusted source. Attackers also use IVR to make it difficult for legal authorities to trace the attacker. It is generally used to steal credit card numbers or confidential data from the victim.</p>
</li>
<li><p>👉<strong>Clone Phishing:</strong> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/clone-phishing/"><strong>Clone Phishing</strong></a> this type of phishing attack, the attacker copies the email messages that were sent from a trusted source and then alters the information by adding a link that redirects the victim to a malicious or fake website. Now the attacker sends this mail to a larger number of users and then waits to watch who clicks on the attachment that was sent in the email. It spreads through the contacts of the user who has clicked on the attachment.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="heading-impact-of-phishing">Impact of Phishing</h2>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709624991967/5033a2fd-c8ea-403e-95f4-076debdeeca1.jpeg?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>These are the impacts on the user upon affecting the Phishing Attacks. Each person has their own impact after getting into Phishing Attacks, but these are some of the common impacts that happen to the majority of people.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>✍<strong>Financial Loss:</strong> Phishing attacks often target financial information, such as credit card numbers and bank account login credentials. This information can be used to steal money or make unauthorized purchases, leading to significant financial losses.</p>
</li>
<li><p>✍<strong>Identity Theft:</strong> Phishing attacks can also steal personal information, such as Social Security numbers and date of birth, which can be used to steal an individual’s identity and cause long-term harm.</p>
</li>
<li><p>✍<strong>Damage to Reputation:</strong> Organizations that fall victim to phishing attacks can suffer damage to their reputation, as customers and clients may lose trust in the company’s ability to protect their information.</p>
</li>
<li><p>✍<strong>Disruption to Business Operations:</strong> Phishing attacks can also cause significant disruption to business operations, as employees may have their email accounts or computers compromised, leading to lost productivity and data.</p>
</li>
<li><p>✍<strong>Spread of Malware:</strong> Phishing attacks often use attachments or links to deliver malware, which can infect a victim’s computer or network and cause further harm.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://media.geeksforgeeks.org/wp-content/uploads/20230622121746/global-data-security-personal-data-security-cyber-data-security-online-concept-illustration-internet-security-information-privacy-protection_1150-37368.webp" alt="Phishing" /></p>
<p><em>Phishing</em></p>
<h2 id="heading-signs-of-phishing">Signs of Phishing</h2>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709625030083/d69919cd-6150-486e-bc83-896c20997c91.jpeg?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>It is very much important to be able to identify the signs of a phishing attack in order to protect against its harmful effects. These signs help the user to protect user data and information from hackers. Here are some signs to look out for include:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>✍<strong>Suspicious email addresses:</strong> Phishing emails often use fake email addresses that appear to be from a trusted source, but are actually controlled by the attacker. Check the email address carefully and look for slight variations or misspellings that may indicate a fake address.</p>
</li>
<li><p>✍<strong>Urgent requests for personal information:</strong> Phishing attacks often try to create a sense of urgency in order to trick victims into providing personal information quickly. Be cautious of emails or messages that ask for personal information and make sure to verify the authenticity of the request before providing any information.</p>
</li>
<li><p>✍<strong>Poor grammar and spelling:</strong> Phishing attacks are often created quickly and carelessly, and may contain poor grammar and spelling errors. These mistakes can indicate that the email or message is not legitimate.</p>
</li>
<li><p>✍<strong>Requests for sensitive information:</strong> Phishing attacks often try to steal sensitive information, such as login credentials and financial information. Be cautious of emails or messages that ask for sensitive information and verify the authenticity of the re</p>
</li>
<li><p>✍quest before providing any information.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Unusual links or attachments:</strong> Phishing attacks often use links or attachments to deliver malware or redirect victims to fake websites. Be cautious of links or attachments in emails or messages, especially from unknown or untrusted sources.</p>
</li>
<li><p>✍<strong>Strange URLs:</strong> Phishing attacks often use fake websites that look similar to the real ones, but have slightly different URLs. Look for strange URLs or slight variations in the URL that may indicate a fake website.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="heading-how-to-stay-protected-against-phishing">How To Stay Protected Against Phishing?</h2>
<p>Until now, we have seen how a user becomes so vulnerable due to phishing. But with proper precautions, one can avoid such scams. Below are the ways listed to protect users against phishing attacks:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Authorized Source:</strong> Download software from authorized sources only where you have trust.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Confidentiality:</strong> Never share your private details with unknown links and keep your data safe from hackers.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Check URL:</strong> Always check the URL of websites to prevent any such attack. it will help you not get trapped in Phishing Attacks.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Avoid replying to suspicious things:</strong> If you receive an email from a known source but that email looks suspicious, then contact the source with a new email rather than using the reply option.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Phishing Detection Tool:</strong> Use phishing-detecting tools to monitor the websites that are crafted and contain unauthentic content.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Try to avoid free wifi:</strong> Avoid using free <a target="_blank" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/wifi-and-its-amendments/"><strong>Wifi</strong></a>, it will lead to threats and Phishing.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Keep your system updated:</strong> It’s better to keep your system always updated to protect from different types of Phishing Attacks.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Keep the firewall of the system ON:</strong> Keeping ON the firewalls helps you in filtering ambiguous and suspicious data and only authenticated data will reach to you.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>🙂🙂🙂🙂🙂🙂Thanks for your patience🙂🙂🙂🙂🙂🙂</li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Termux]]></title><description><![CDATA[Termux is a terminal emulator application for Android as well as a Linux environment that runs on Android without the need for rooting or special settings. Additional applications/packages are also available and can be installed using the APT package...]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/termux</link><guid isPermaLink="true">https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/termux</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[varsha rani]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 06:19:41 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Termux</strong> is a <strong>terminal emulator application for Android</strong> as well as <strong>a Linux environment</strong> that runs on Android <strong>without</strong> the need for <strong>rooting</strong> or special settings. Additional applications/packages are also available and can be installed using the APT package manager.</p>
<p>What distinguishes Termux from other terminal emulators is that Termux has set up such a way that the environment on Termux is the same as the <strong>Debian</strong> standard <strong>Linux environment</strong>.</p>
<p>Termux is neither a virtual machine nor any other kind of emulated or simulated environment. All provided packages are cross-compiled with Android NDK and only have compatibility patches to get them working on Android. The operating system does not provide full access to its file systems, so Termux cannot install package files into standard directories such as /bin, /etc, /usr or /var. Instead, all files are installed into the private application directory located at</p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-plaintext">/data/data/com.termux/files/usr
</code></pre>
<p>We call that directory “prefix” and usually refer to it as “$PREFIX”, which is also an exported environment variable in the Termux shell. Note that this directory cannot be changed or moved to an SD-Card because:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>The file system must have support for unix permissions and special files such as symlinks or sockets.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The prefix path is hardcoded into all binaries.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In addition to prefix, users can store files in the home directory (or “$HOME”) available at</p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-plaintext">/data/data/com.termux/files/home
</code></pre>
<p>Enough about Termux…now lets go over how to install it…</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709536122530/037919cc-f688-4f3b-b3c0-f9e93d12cd4e.jpeg?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<h1 id="heading-getting-termux"><strong>Getting Termux</strong></h1>
<p>Its fairly simple to install termux…just head over to google playstore and download it…</p>
<p>but since the <strong>playstore</strong> version <strong>no longer recieves updates</strong>….its better to get the app from <strong>github</strong> or <strong>f-droid …</strong></p>
<p>👉<a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/termux/termux-app"><code>https://github.com/termux/termux-app</code></a></p>
<p>👉<a target="_blank" href="https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.termux/"><code>https://f-droid.org/en/packages/com.termux/</code></a></p>
<p>after you download the apk all you have to do is install it…VIOLA! you got termux…</p>
<h1 id="heading-what-to-do-first"><strong>What to do first?</strong></h1>
<p>The termux application is an emulator only so we need to change what we need.</p>
<p>After installation, run the app…you should provide storage permission (NOTE: its not essential)</p>
<p>Termux does not access your storage but if you need to move or copy any files from your sd card to termux you should type the below command.</p>
<p><code>termux-setup-storage</code></p>
<h1 id="heading-termux-commands"><strong>Termux Commands</strong></h1>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709536200485/3b92afc5-370d-4274-a7e4-a285f6702bd1.jpeg?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>Simlar to Linux,</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709536250117/dac76a3a-7906-4279-8f1d-e7e0c2eaab34.jpeg?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>To access any specific directory use the <code>cd</code> command. For example, <code>cd &lt;directory-name&gt;</code></p>
<p>✍<code>ls</code> command will help you to see the subdirectory on your termux.</p>
<p>✍To access your internal sd card you have to type <code>cd /sdcard &amp;&amp; ls</code></p>
<p>✍To access your external sd card you have to type <code>cd /sdcard0/ &amp;&amp; ls</code></p>
<p>✍If you need to delete any directory or files you have to use this command <code>rm -rf &lt;filename&gt;</code></p>
<p>✍To create any directory on your termux type <code>mkdir &lt;directory-name&gt;</code></p>
<p>✍If you need to copy any files from one place to another place you have to type <code>cp -r &lt;filename&gt; &lt;path&gt;</code></p>
<p>✍If you need to move means the same command but a little bit of change <code>mv -r &lt;filename&gt; &lt;path&gt;</code></p>
<p>✍Find your IP address or any other network details means you just type the following command on your terminal.</p>
<p><code>ifconfig</code></p>
<p>✍To install any package <code>pkg install &lt;package-name&gt;</code></p>
]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Client Server Architecture]]></title><description><![CDATA[CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE:
Client-Server Architecture is an architectural deployment style that describe the separation of functionality into layers with each segment being a tier that can be located on a physically separate computer. They evolved t...]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/client-server-architecture</link><guid isPermaLink="true">https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/client-server-architecture</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[varsha rani]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 06:18:00 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>CLIENT SERVER ARCHITECTURE:</strong></p>
<p>Client-Server Architecture is an architectural deployment style that describe the separation of functionality into layers with each segment being a tier that can be located on a physically separate computer. They evolved through the component oriented approach, generally using platform specific methods for communication instead of a message-based approach.</p>
<p>This architecture has different usages with different applications. It can be used in web applications and distributed applications. The strength in particular is when using this architecture over distributed systems. In this course work, I will furthermore invest this through the example of three-tier architecture in web applications.</p>
<p><strong>Structure</strong></p>
<p>Using this architecture the software is divided into 3 different tiers: <strong><em>Presentation tier,</em></strong> <strong><em>Logic tier, and Data tier</em></strong>. Each tier is developed and maintained as an independent tier.</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709445674191/6033b598-783a-427e-9765-a49124386f7e.jpeg?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p><em>1<em>**</em>\</em>*-Presentation tier<em>*</em></p>
<p>This is the topmost level of the application. The presentation layer provides the application’s user interface (UI). Typically, this involves the use of <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"><strong>Graphical User Interface</strong></a> for smart client interaction, and <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web"><strong>Web based technologies</strong></a> for browser-based interaction. The presentation tier displays information related to such services as browsing merchandise, purchasing, and shopping cart contents. It communicates with other tiers by outputting results to the browser/client tier and all other tiers in the network.</p>
<p><strong><em>2-Logic tier</em> (called also business logic, data access tier, or middle tier)</strong></p>
<p>The logic tier is pulled out from the presentation tier and, as its own layer; it controls an application’s functionality by performing detailed processing. Logic tier is where mission-critical business problems are solved. The components that make up this layer can exist on a server machine, to assist in resource sharing. These components can be used to enforce business rules, such as business algorithms and legal or governmental regulations, and data rules, which are designed to keep the data structures consistent within either specific or multiple databases. Because these middle-tier components are not tied to a specific client, they can be used by all applications and can be moved to different locations, as response time and other rules require. For example, simple edits can be placed on the client side to minimize network round-trips, or data rules can be placed in stored procedures.</p>
<p><strong><em>3-Data tier</em></strong></p>
<p>This tier consists of database servers, is the actual DBMS access layer. It can be accessed through the business services layer and on occasion by the user services layer. Here information is stored and retrieved. This tier keeps data neutral and independent from application servers or business logic. Giving data its own tier also improves scalability and performance. This layer consists of data access components (rather than raw DBMS connections) to aid in resource sharing and to allow clients to be configured without installing the DBMS libraries and ODBC drivers on each client. An example would be a computer hosting a <a target="_blank" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_system"><strong>database management system (DBMS),</strong></a> such as a <a target="_blank" href="http://www.microsoft.com/sqlserver"><strong>Microsoft SQL Server</strong></a> database.</p>
<p><strong>Components Interconnections:</strong></p>
<p>3 tier application architecture is characterized by the functional decomposition of applications, service components, and their distributed deployment, providing improved scalability, availability, manageability, and resource utilization. During an application’s life cycle, the three-tier approach provides benefits such as reusability, flexibility, manageability, maintainability, and scalability. Each tier is completely independent from all other tiers, except for those immediately above and below it. You can share and reuse the components and services you create, and you can distribute them across a network of computers as needed. You can divide large and complex projects into simpler projects and assign them to different programmers or programming teams. You can also deploy components and services on a server to help keep up with changes, and you can redeploy them as growth of the application’s user base, data, and transaction volume increases.</p>
<p>Logic layer is moved outside the presentation layer and into the business layer as it enhances reuse. As applications grow, applications often grow into other realms. Applications may start out as a web application, but some of the functionality may later be moved to a smart client application. Portions of an application may be split between a web site and a web or windows service that runs on a server. In addition, keeping logic helps aid in developing a good design (sometimes code can get sloppier in the UI).</p>
<p>The main benefits of the 3-tier architectural style are:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Maintainability. Because each tier is independent of the other tiers, updates or changes can be carried out without affecting the application as a whole.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Scalability. Because tiers are based on the deployment of layers, scaling out an application is reasonably straightforward.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Flexibility. Because each tier can be managed or scaled independently, flexibility is increased.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Availability. Applications can exploit the modular architecture of enabling systems using easily scalable components, which increases availability.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Consider the 3-tier architectural style if the processing requirements of the layers in the application differ such that processing in one layer could absorb sufficient resources to slow the processing in other layers, or if the security requirements of the layers in the application differ. For example, the presentation layer should not store sensitive data, while this may be stored in the business and data layers. The 3-tier architectural style is also appropriate if you want to be able to share business logic between applications, and you have sufficient hardware to allocate the required number of servers to each tier.</p>
<p>The client server architectures are of three types</p>
<ol>
<li>Filer Server Architecture</li>
</ol>
<ol start="2">
<li><p>Database Server Architecture</p>
</li>
<li><p>Three-tier Architecture</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709445621193/660aead3-aafd-4bf6-b4e9-b6d82e9dd407.png?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p><strong>FILE SERVER ARCHITECTURE</strong></p>
<p>The first client server architecture being developed is the file server architecture., all processing will be done at the PC that requested the data that is client handles the presentation logic, the processing logic and much of the storage logic. That means out of t he hundred percent work that need to be done every logics that we have seen application logics that we have seen like presentation ;logic, processing logic and storage logic more than 80% of the job it will be carried out at the client side itself. So that is what I am trying to say here. All processing is done at the PC that requested the data that is client handles the presentation ;logic processing logic and much of the storage logic. A file server is a device that manage sonly the file operation and shared by each of the client PCs attached to the local area network. Each filer server acts as a n additional hard disk so wherever I am talking about a file server every file server will be ac5ring as an extra hard disk which will be present not only at the server level and which will also be present at the client side. For each of the client PC. Each PC maybe called a fat client because this client does an extensive work based on that I am calling this client as a fat client so most of the processing since it happens at the client side it is called fat client. Entire file are transferred from the server to the client for processing. So anything that the client has requested that query will be taken by the server and the server will respond all the possible states back to the server without any processing and client after the client receives all the service or the files requested for processing the client executes everything and it will be called a process.</p>
<p><strong>DATABASE SERVER ARCHITECTURE:</strong></p>
<p>It is similar to data warehouse where the website store or maintain their data and <a target="_blank" href="http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/information-technology/what-do-you-mean-by-data-and-information"><strong>information.</strong></a> A Database Server is a <a target="_blank" href="http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-is-computer"><strong>computer</strong></a> in a LAN that is dedicated to database storage and retrieval. The database server holds the Database Management System <a target="_blank" href="http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/what-is-a-database/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-dbms"><strong>(DBMS)</strong></a> and the databases. Upon requests from the client machines, it searches the database for selected records and passes them back over the network<strong>.</strong></p>
<p>A database server can be defined as a server dedicated to providing database services. Such a server runs the database software. A database server can typically be seen in a client-server environment where it provides information sought by the client systems.</p>
<h3 id="heading-three-tier-architecture">Three-tier Architecture</h3>
<p>Three-tier architecture is a well-established software application architecture that organizes applications into three logical and physical computing tiers: the presentation tier, or user interface; the application tier, where data is processed; and the data tier, where the data associated with the application is stored and managed.</p>
<p>The chief benefit of three-tier architecture is that because each tier runs on its own infrastructure, each tier can be developed simultaneously by a separate development team, and can be updated or scaled as needed without impacting the other tiers.</p>
]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Traceroute]]></title><description><![CDATA[Traceroute, like the ping command can be used to isolate problems in our network. The ping command is a bit limited sometimes. For example, take a look at the following topology:

When we send a ping from H1 (192.168.1.1) to S1 (192.168.3.1) and this...]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/traceroute</link><guid isPermaLink="true">https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/traceroute</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[varsha rani]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 06:15:17 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Traceroute, like the ping command can be used to isolate problems in our network. The ping command is a bit limited sometimes. For example, take a look at the following topology:</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709314097003/7e6c51a1-2a8a-4489-a5bd-9bd5bdfe7867.png?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>When we send a ping from H1 (192.168.1.1) to S1 (192.168.3.1) and this ping doesn’t work, what does it mean? We’ll know something is not working but we don’t know whether the problem is in between H1-R1, R1-R2, R2-R3 or R3-S1.</p>
<p>If you know the IP addresses of all routers in the path then you could ping all of these routers one by one. What if you have no idea how many routers are in between? Or if you don’t know their IP addresses?</p>
<p>The traceroute command will help us with that. Here’s a quick example:</p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<p><strong>COPY</strong></p>
<pre><code class="lang-plaintext">C:\Users\renemolenaar&gt;tracert facebook.com

Tracing route to facebook.com [31.13.64.35]
over a maximum of 30 hops:

  1     9 ms     8 ms     8 ms  D5644061.static.ziggozakelijk.nl [215.99.12.17]
  2     9 ms    14 ms     8 ms  tb-rc0001-cr101-ae40-0.core.as9143.net [213.51.158.66]
  3    10 ms    12 ms    11 ms  asd-tr0042-cr101-ae5-0.core.as9143.net [213.51.158.18]
  4    14 ms    12 ms    12 ms  br02.ams1.tfbnw.net [80.249.209.164]
  5    12 ms    12 ms    13 ms  po131.asw01.ams3.tfbnw.net [157.240.35.46]
  6    12 ms    12 ms    13 ms  po232.psw01c.amt2.tfbnw.net [157.240.35.175]
  7    13 ms    12 ms    12 ms  msw1ad.01.amt2.tfbnw.net [173.252.64.255]
  8    12 ms    11 ms    13 ms  edge-star-mini-shv-01-amt2.facebook.com [31.13.64.35]

Trace complete.
</code></pre>
<p>Above I used the tracert (traceroute) command on a Windows computer to trace the path from my computer to <a target="_blank" href="http://facebook.com/"><strong>facebook.com</strong></a>. You can see all the IP addresses and hostnames of the routers in between my computer and the server that responds to <a target="_blank" href="http://www.facebook.com/"><strong>www.facebook.com</strong></a>. The response times that you see is the round trip time from my computer to the router. For each router, traceroute sends three probes.</p>
<p>So, how does traceroute work?</p>
<p>Traceroute uses the TTL (Time to Live) field in the IP packet header. Normally, TTL is used to prevent packets from being forwarded forever when there is a routing loop. Whenever an IP packet is forwarded by a router, the <strong>TTL is decreased by one</strong>. When the <strong>TTL is zero, the IP packet will be discarded</strong>.</p>
<p>How do we use this for traceroute? Let’s look at an example. Let’s say that from H1 (192.168.1.1) we send a trace to S1 (192.168.3.1). The first IP packet that H1 sends, will have a TTL of 1:</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709314057708/9b9f92b6-4903-4ac8-87a9-c0184b9ce430.png?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>When R1 receives the IP packet, it will want to forward it to R2 but it has to decrease the TTL from one to zero, as a result, the IP packet will be dropped and R1 will respond to H1 with a <strong>TTL exceeded</strong> message. H1 will now send a second packet with a TTL of 2:</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709313986790/6f123d7a-5e7a-4c01-bf3d-43eaf2c24a9b.png?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>R1 will decrease the TTL from two to one, forwards it and now R2 has to drop it. R2 will respond with a TTL exceeded message. H1 will now send another IP packet with a TTL of 3:</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709313944993/6b595384-0525-453b-b1a7-b6625612e14c.png?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>R1 will decrease the TTL from three to two, R2 decrease it from two to one and R3 will have to drop it. R3 sends the TTL exceeded message to R1. The last IP packet that H1 will send will have a TTL of four:</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709313767429/52f997cb-e843-4694-9228-fe27e22d053b.png?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>Each router will decrease the TTL by one, our server on the other end will receive an IP packet with a TTL of one and replies with an ICMP reply to H1. We now know that the destination is reachable and we have learned all routers in our path.</p>
<p>Each IP packet that we send is called a <strong>probe</strong>. Traceroute can be used with ICMP, UDP and TCP, depending on your operating system.</p>
<h2 id="heading-traceroute-command">Traceroute Command</h2>
<p>Let’s see this in action. I will use the following topology for this demonstration:</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1709313612983/20762427-6bfa-4498-b251-b3e6fd3e1817.png?auto=compress,format&amp;format=webp" alt /></p>
<p>Above we have two host computers. H1 is a Windows computer (192.168.1.1) and H2 a Linux computer (192.168.1.2) running Ubuntu. The routers have been configured with EIGRP so that we have full connectivity.</p>
]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[What is Networking and Types of Networking]]></title><description><![CDATA[A computer network is a system that connects numerous independent computers in order to share information (data) and resources. The integration of computers and other different devices allows users to communicate more easily.
A computer network is a ...]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-networking-and-types-of-networking</link><guid isPermaLink="true">https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-networking-and-types-of-networking</guid><category><![CDATA[#skilldarpan #sevendayhacking]]></category><dc:creator><![CDATA[varsha rani]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Mar 2024 06:12:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://cdn.hashnode.com/res/hashnode/image/upload/v1710223914907/1cb0e03b-fbaa-465b-98f5-560feec6d1f2.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A computer network is a system that connects numerous independent computers in order to share information (data) and resources. The integration of computers and other different devices allows users to communicate more easily.</p>
<p>A computer network is a collection of two or more computer systems that are linked together. A network connection can be established using either cable or wireless media. Hardware and software are used to connect computers and tools in any network.</p>
<p>A computer network consists of various kinds of nodes. Servers, networking hardware, personal computers, and other specialized or general-purpose hosts can all be nodes in a computer network. Host names and network addresses are used to identify them.</p>
<h2 id="heading-how-does-a-computer-network-work">How Does a Computer Network Work?</h2>
<p><strong>Computer Networks</strong> simply work using nodes and links. Data communication equipment is simply termed as Nodes. For example, Modems, Hubs, <strong>Switches</strong>, etc. whereas links in Computer networks can be referred to as a connection between two nodes. We have several types of links like cable wires, <strong>optical fibers</strong>, etc.</p>
<p>Whenever a Computer Network is working, nodes have the work of sending and receiving data via the links. Computer Network provides some set of protocols that helps in following the rules and protocols.</p>
<h3 id="heading-types-of-computer-network">Types Of Computer Network:-</h3>
<p>A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share their resources, data, and applications.</p>
<p>A computer network can be categorized by their size. A <strong>computer network</strong> is mainly of <strong>four types</strong>:</p>
<p><img src="https://static.javatpoint.com/tutorial/computer-network/images/types-of-computer-network.png" alt="Computer Network Types:-" /></p>
<ul>
<li><p>LAN(Local Area Network)</p>
</li>
<li><p>PAN(Personal Area Network)</p>
</li>
<li><p>MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)</p>
</li>
<li><p>WAN(Wide Area Network)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="heading-lanlocal-area-network">LAN(Local Area Network)</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as building, office.</p>
</li>
<li><p>LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.</p>
</li>
<li><p>It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Local Area Network provides higher security.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://static.javatpoint.com/tutorial/computer-network/images/local-area-network.png" alt="Computer Network Types" /></p>
<hr />
<h2 id="heading-panpersonal-area-network">PAN(Personal Area Network)</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a range of 10 meters.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use is known as Personal Area Network.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Thomas Zimmerman</strong> was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal Area Network.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Personal Area Network covers an area of <strong>30 feet</strong>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://static.javatpoint.com/tutorial/computer-network/images/personal-area-network.png" alt="Computer Network Types" /></p>
<p><strong>There are two types of Personal Area Network:</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://static.javatpoint.com/tutorial/computer-network/images/two-types-of-personal-area-network.png" alt="Computer Network Types" /></p>
<ul>
<li><p>Wired Personal Area Network</p>
</li>
<li><p>Wireless Personal Area Network</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Wireless Personal Area Network:</strong> Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network.</p>
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<p><strong>Wired Personal Area Network:</strong> Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB.</p>
<h3 id="heading-examples-of-personal-area-network">Examples Of Personal Area Network:</h3>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Body Area Network:</strong> Body Area Network is a network that moves with a person. <strong>For example</strong>, a mobile network moves with a person. Suppose a person establishes a network connection and then creates a connection with another device to share the information.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Offline Network:</strong> An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is also known as a <strong>home network</strong>. A home network is designed to integrate the devices such as printers, computer, television but they are not connected to the internet.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Small Home Office:</strong> It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet and to a corporate network using a VPN</p>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h2 id="heading-manmetropolitan-area-network">MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.</p>
</li>
<li><p>Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.</p>
</li>
<li><p>In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc.</p>
</li>
<li><p>It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://static.javatpoint.com/tutorial/computer-network/images/metropolitan-area-network.png" alt="Computer Network Types" /></p>
<h3 id="heading-uses-of-metropolitan-area-network">Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:</h3>
<ul>
<li><p>MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.</p>
</li>
<li><p>It can be used in an Airline Reservation.</p>
</li>
<li><p>It can be used in a college within a city.</p>
</li>
<li><p>It can also be used for communication in the military.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<h2 id="heading-wanwide-area-network">WAN(Wide Area Network)</h2>
<ul>
<li><p>A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries.</p>
</li>
<li><p>A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.</p>
</li>
<li><p>A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.</p>
</li>
<li><p>The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.</p>
</li>
<li><p>A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://static.javatpoint.com/tutorial/computer-network/images/wide-area-network.png" alt="Computer Network Types" /></p>
<h3 id="heading-examples-of-wide-area-network">Examples Of Wide Area Network:</h3>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Mobile Broadband:</strong> A 4G network is widely used across a region or country.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Last mile:</strong> A telecom company is used to provide the internet services to the customers in hundreds of cities by connecting their home with fiber.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Private network:</strong> A bank provides a private network that connects the 44 offices. This network is made by using the telephone leased line provided by the telecom company.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="heading-advantages-of-wide-area-network">Advantages Of Wide Area Network:</h3>
<p>Following are the advantages of the Wide Area Network:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Geographical area:</strong> A Wide Area Network provides a large geographical area. Suppose if the branch of our office is in a different city then we can connect with them through WAN. The internet provides a leased line through which we can connect with another branch.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Centralized data:</strong> In case of WAN network, data is centralized. Therefore, we do not need to buy the emails, files or back up servers.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Get updated files:</strong> Software companies work on the live server. Therefore, the programmers get the updated files within seconds.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Exchange messages:</strong> In a WAN network, messages are transmitted fast. The web application like Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype allows you to communicate with friends.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Sharing of software and resources:</strong> In WAN network, we can share the software and other resources like a hard drive, RAM.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Global business:</strong> We can do the business over the internet globally.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>High bandwidth:</strong> If we use the leased lines for our company then this gives the high bandwidth. The high bandwidth increases the data transfer rate which in turn increases the productivity of our company.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="heading-disadvantages-of-wide-area-network">Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:</h3>
<p>The following are the disadvantages of the Wide Area Network:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Security issue:</strong> A WAN network has more security issues as compared to LAN and MAN network as all the technologies are combined together that creates the security problem.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Needs Firewall &amp; antivirus software:</strong> The data is transferred on the internet which can be changed or hacked by the hackers, so the firewall needs to be used. Some people can inject the virus in our system so antivirus is needed to protect from such a virus.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>High Setup cost:</strong> An installation cost of the WAN network is high as it involves the purchasing of routers, switches.</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Troubleshooting problems:</strong> It covers a large area so fixing the problem is difficult.</p>
</li>
</ul>
]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[What is hacker and its types]]></title><description><![CDATA[White Hat Hackers

Black Hat Hackers

Grey Hat Hackers

Script Kiddies

State Sponsored Hackers

Hacktivists

Cyber Terrorists

Suicide Hackers

Spy Hackers


White Hat Hackers

Once inside, a white hat hacker can provide an assessment of the cyberse...]]></description><link>https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-hacker-and-its-types</link><guid isPermaLink="true">https://varsha123.hashnode.dev/what-is-hacker-and-its-types</guid><category><![CDATA[#skilldarpan #sevendayhacking]]></category><dc:creator><![CDATA[varsha rani]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 11 Mar 2024 17:07:30 GMT</pubDate><content:encoded><![CDATA[<ul>
<li><p>White Hat Hackers</p>
</li>
<li><p>Black Hat Hackers</p>
</li>
<li><p>Grey Hat Hackers</p>
</li>
<li><p>Script Kiddies</p>
</li>
<li><p>State Sponsored Hackers</p>
</li>
<li><p>Hacktivists</p>
</li>
<li><p>Cyber Terrorists</p>
</li>
<li><p>Suicide Hackers</p>
</li>
<li><p>Spy Hackers</p>
</li>
</ul>
<details><summary>White Hat Hackers</summary><div data-type="detailsContent"></div></details>

<p>Once inside, a white hat hacker can provide an assessment of the cybersecurity measures in place and can suggest improvements. This feedback can be used to reinforce critical areas in the network.</p>
<details><summary>Black Hat Hackers</summary><div data-type="detailsContent"></div></details><details><summary>Grey Hat Hackers</summary><div data-type="detailsContent"></div></details><details><summary>Script Kiddies</summary><div data-type="detailsContent"></div></details><details><summary>State Sponsored Hackers</summary><div data-type="detailsContent"></div></details><details><summary>Suicide Hackers</summary><div data-type="detailsContent"></div></details><details><summary>Spy Hackers</summary><div data-type="detailsContent"></div></details>

<p>The app is easy to use and provides benefits without disclosing them to the other individual. Nobody would be aware that someone is spying because it runs in the background with no warning. The procedure begins with the download and installation of software, followed by the entry of a computer code or key to connect the device, and finally, the monitoring of activities.</p>
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